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Sloths have an uncommonly slow metabolism. When a sloth eats, the time its body takes to convert that food source into energy is far longer than the average mammal of its size. Because of this and their low-calorie diet of leaves, sloths are always low on energy, so they need to be conservative in how they use it. They move slowly, stay within a small home range, and only relieve themselves once a week. Megatheriidae: ground sloths that existed for about 23 million years and went extinct about 11,000 years ago; this family included the largest sloths. Garcés‐Restrepo, M.F.; Pauli, J.N.; Peery, M.Z. (2018). "Natal dispersal of tree sloths in a human-dominated landscape: Implications for tropical biodiversity conservation". Journal of Applied Ecology. 55 (5): 2253–2262. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13138.

Because sloths move so slowly, they have also lost their muscle mass over time. They now have just 30% of the average muscle mass for a mammal of their size. As a result, they have become physically restricted to the slow speeds they utilise as a survival strategy. The purpose of a review, however, is to give potential readers an idea of what to expect from a book. Gilman disappoints by using the flimsiest of references to Fat, Gluttony and Sloth as a hook to write an essay of his own on swine flu, HIV, BSE, tobacco, drugs and child abuse, finished off by what might be considered as a brazen plug for his own work. In fact the majority of his review is lazily cut and pasted from pp. 20–2 of his own Fat: a Cultural History of Obesity. About the Sloth". Sloth Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021 . Retrieved 31 October 2019. As I noted this is a comprehensive study of BOTH ‘medical’ and ‘cultural’ representations of obesity, which makes the problem of the volume even more engaging. The notion that representations validate medical views seems very 19th century, very much enmeshed in a Rankian positivism rarely seen today in studies of medical imagery. Yet the study is sophisticated enough to engage in a rather good summary of the ideological meanings grafted onto to the constructed categories of obesity over the ages. But in its analysis of medicine remains a sphere seemingly devoid of ideology. Thus the representation of medical knowledge is one that centers on the ‘facts’ of contemporary medicine and their antecedents. That there are recent approaches to obesity that are no longer seen as ‘scientific,’ such as the psychoanalytic ones proposed by Hilde Bruch in the 1950s, is ignored. But of course in the 1950s these approaches assumed that they were the cutting-edge scientific explanation – and they were! Such claims of science as a true representation of the world, rather than a flawed or partial one, seem to be inherent to the science of obesity itself. And yet as indicated by my list above, even the medical authorities of our day seem not quite clear as to what obesity is and what its implications are. Do we assume that we are a fat collecting species? Do we assume that we are an addictive species? Is this not an inherent contradiction: if collecting fat is natural because it is preprogrammed in us genetically due to evolutionary processes how can it be pathological? How can an addiction to food be anything but natural and therefore non-addictive?The result of infection since over the past 20 years six different pathogens have been reported to cause obesity in animal models as well as humans. The main reason for a sloth’s lethargic movement is its specialised metabolism. They live off low-calorie vegetation that their bodies turn into energy at a very slow speed. Their metabolic rate is about 40-45% of the average speed expected in a mammal their size, and it can take anywhere from 157 to 1,200 hours for a sloth to metabolise and excrete a leaf it eats. What is clear is that any single explanation maybe possible for any given individual, but it is the social implications of ‘obesity’ that have now turned it into today’s ‘epidemic’ of obesity. The cultural implications of these claims are vitiated by specific, contemporary attitudes towards the body and its meanings within the system in which it is found. As a culturally bound concept ‘epidemic’ today has the power that ‘gluttony’ had in the Middle Ages. Both gain their power from the system of meaning that shapes attitudes towards socially acceptable and non-acceptable categories. We must remember that this anxiety about epidemics is a recent if resurgent phenomenon (it mirrors the rhetoric of the 19th century). As late as 1969 the then Surgeon General of the United States, William T. Stewart, suggested to Congress that it was now ‘time to close the book on infectious disease as a major health threat’. Three decades later, in 1996, Gro Harlem Brundtland, the then Director-General of the World Health Organization, gave a very different prophecy: ‘We stand on the brink of a global crisis in infectious diseases. No country is safe from them’. We moved from a sense of accomplishment to one of foreboding. The new epidemic is that of ‘fat’ – though in 2009 ‘swine flu’ has come to challenge for the moment its centrality in the public sphere. The Haslams believe that their physiology of fat reflects transhistorical (evolutionary or physiological) truths, not cultural meanings grafted onto the social implications of body size.

Thank you for allowing us to respond to this review by Sander Gilman whose work we have admired and enjoyed. Yet in the 21st century even the new global medicine of obesity stresses that there may well be a plurality of often-conflicting causes (read: meanings) of obesity. Central among them, however, are social and genetic-physiological explanations: a b c d "Sloth". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017. Amson, E.; Argot, C.; McDonald, H. G.; de Muizon, C. (2015). "Osteology and functional morphology of the axial postcranium of the marine sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Tardigrada) with paleobiological implications". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 22 (4): 473–518. doi: 10.1007/s10914-014-9280-7. S2CID 16700349.Monge Nájera, J. (2021). Why sloths defecate on the ground: rejection of the mutualistic model. UNED Research Journal, 13(1), 4-4. O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (8 February 2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. Bibcode: 2013Sci...339..662O. doi: 10.1126/science.1229237. hdl: 11336/7302. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776. This means that their energy stores are constantly limited, and they have to be careful to ensure they always have enough energy to find, collect, ingest, and metabolise their next intake of food. The solution is to move slowly and restrict activities to a very small home range. They have also sacrificed the energy-intensive activity of thermoregulation, instead basking in the sun to raise their body temperature or sleeping in the shade to cool down. They even depress their metabolism in hot weather to avoid creating extra heat when they’re trying to stay cool.